Public Relations and Fundraising Managers

Job Zone

Job Zone Four: Considerable Preparation Needed

Most of these occupations require a four-year bachelor's degree, but some do not.

Job Zones group occupations into one of five categories based on the education, experience, and training typically needed to perform them.

O’NET publishes details below this occupation’s level. Showing Public Relations Managers — one of 2 occupations here: Public Relations Managers, Fundraising Managers.

Tasks

Specific duties and responsibilities regularly performed in this occupation.

Establish and maintain effective working relationships with clients, government officials, and media representatives and use these relationships to develop new business opportunities.96
Assign, supervise, and review the activities of public relations staff.91
Identify main client groups and audiences, determine the best way to communicate publicity information to them, and develop and implement a communication plan.90
Develop, implement, or maintain crisis communication plans.85
Write interesting and effective press releases, prepare information for media kits, and develop and maintain company internet or intranet web pages.84
Manage communications budgets.84
Develop and maintain the company's corporate image and identity, which includes the use of logos and signage.79
Facilitate consumer relations or the relationship between parts of the company, such as the managers and employees, or different branch offices.78
Observe and report on social, economic, and political trends that might affect employers.73
Draft speeches for company executives and arrange interviews and other forms of contact for them.73
Formulate policies and procedures related to public information programs, working with public relations executives.70
Direct activities of external agencies, establishments, or departments that develop and implement communication strategies and information programs.69

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Respond to requests for information about employers' activities or status.68
Confer with labor relations managers to develop internal communications that keep employees informed of company activities.68
Evaluate advertising and promotion programs for compatibility with public relations efforts.67
Produce films and other video products, regulate their distribution, and operate film library.67
Manage special events, such as sponsorship of races, parties introducing new products, or other activities the firm supports, to gain public attention through the media without advertising directly.61
Design and edit promotional publications, such as brochures.58
Manage in-house communication courses.57
Maintain company archives.42
Evaluate the effectiveness of communications strategies and plans.—
Manage clients' social media accounts, including creating content, responding to stakeholder comments and messages, and monitoring public perception.—

Skills

Developed capacities that facilitate learning or the more rapid acquisition of knowledge.

Speaking81
Talking to others to convey information effectively.
Active Listening78
Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.
Reading Comprehension78
Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
Social Perceptiveness75
Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
Writing75
Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audience.
Complex Problem Solving72
Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions.
Critical Thinking72
Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions, or approaches to problems.
Persuasion72
Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
Coordination69
Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
Active Learning66
Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future problem-solving and decision-making.
Judgment and Decision Making66
Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one.
Service Orientation66
Actively looking for ways to help people.

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Time Management66
Managing one's own time and the time of others.
Monitoring63
Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organizations to make improvements or take corrective action.
Negotiation63
Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
Systems Evaluation56
Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed to improve or correct performance, relative to the goals of the system.
Instructing53
Teaching others how to do something.
Systems Analysis53
Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, and the environment will affect outcomes.
Learning Strategies50
Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate for the situation when learning or teaching new things.
Management of Personnel Resources50
Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best people for the job.
Management of Financial Resources44
Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for these expenditures.
Management of Material Resources38
Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materials needed to do certain work.
Mathematics35
Using mathematics to solve problems.
Operations Analysis25
Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
Operation and Control19
Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
Operations Monitoring19
Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working properly.
Programming19
Writing computer programs for various purposes.
Technology Design19
Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
Quality Control Analysis10
Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate quality or performance.
Science3
Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
Equipment Maintenance0
Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind of maintenance is needed.
Equipment Selection0
Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
Installation0
Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
Repairing0
Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.
Troubleshooting0
Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.

Knowledge

Organized sets of principles and facts that apply in general domains.

Communications and Media97
Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and methods. This includes alternative ways to inform and entertain via written, oral, and visual media.
English Language92
Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, and rules of composition and grammar.
Administration and Management75
Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources.
Customer and Personal Service70
Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.
Sales and Marketing70
Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products or services. This includes marketing strategy and tactics, product demonstration, sales techniques, and sales control systems.
Administrative54
Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word processing, managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and workplace terminology.
Law and Government52
Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political process.
Sociology and Anthropology50
Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human migrations, ethnicity, cultures, and their history and origins.
Personnel and Human Resources49
Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, training, compensation and benefits, labor relations and negotiation, and personnel information systems.
Psychology49
Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, personality, and interests; learning and motivation; psychological research methods; and the assessment and treatment of behavioral and affective disorders.
Economics and Accounting45
Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial markets, banking, and the analysis and reporting of financial data.
Education and Training38
Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects.

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Computers and Electronics37
Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and computer hardware and software, including applications and programming.
Mathematics37
Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their applications.
Public Safety and Security32
Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for the protection of people, data, property, and institutions.
History and Archeology31
Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civilizations and cultures.
Telecommunications31
Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of telecommunications systems.
Design27
Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of precision technical plans, blueprints, drawings, and models.
Foreign Language24
Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition and grammar, and pronunciation.
Geography24
Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, and air masses, including their physical characteristics, locations, interrelationships, and distribution of plant, animal, and human life.
Fine Arts21
Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform works of music, dance, visual arts, drama, and sculpture.
Philosophy and Theology21
Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their basic principles, values, ethics, ways of thinking, customs, practices, and their impact on human culture.
Production and Processing18
Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and other techniques for maximizing the effective manufacture and distribution of goods.
Therapy and Counseling12
Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of physical and mental dysfunctions, and for career counseling and guidance.
Engineering and Technology11
Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. This includes applying principles, techniques, procedures, and equipment to the design and production of various goods and services.
Transportation11
Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea, or road, including the relative costs and benefits.
Medicine and Dentistry6
Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human injuries, diseases, and deformities. This includes symptoms, treatment alternatives, drug properties and interactions, and preventive health-care measures.
Biology5
Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interdependencies, and interactions with each other and the environment.
Physics5
Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships, and applications to understanding fluid, material, and atmospheric dynamics, and mechanical, electrical, atomic and sub-atomic structures and processes.
Building and Construction4
Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as highways and roads.
Chemistry4
Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances and of the chemical processes and transformations that they undergo. This includes uses of chemicals and their interactions, danger signs, production techniques, and disposal methods.
Food Production4
Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food products (both plant and animal) for consumption, including storage/handling techniques.
Mechanical2
Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and maintenance.

Abilities

Enduring attributes of the individual that influence performance.

Oral Expression85
The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand.
Oral Comprehension81
The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.
Written Comprehension81
The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
Written Expression81
The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand.
Fluency of Ideas75
The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas is important, not their quality, correctness, or creativity).
Problem Sensitivity75
The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing that there is a problem.
Speech Clarity75
The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
Speech Recognition75
The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
Originality72
The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situation, or to develop creative ways to solve a problem.
Deductive Reasoning69
The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.
Inductive Reasoning63
The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).
Near Vision60
The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).

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Category Flexibility56
The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping things in different ways.
Information Ordering56
The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations).
Selective Attention50
The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distracted.
Far Vision47
The ability to see details at a distance.
Flexibility of Closure47
The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or sound) that is hidden in other distracting material.
Speed of Closure47
The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into meaningful patterns.
Perceptual Speed44
The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among sets of letters, numbers, objects, pictures, or patterns. The things to be compared may be presented at the same time or one after the other. This ability also includes comparing a presented object with a remembered object.
Mathematical Reasoning38
The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a problem.
Memorization38
The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and procedures.
Number Facility38
The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
Time Sharing38
The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of information (such as speech, sounds, touch, or other sources).
Visualization38
The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when its parts are moved or rearranged.
Visual Color Discrimination31
The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of color and brightness.
Auditory Attention25
The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distracting sounds.
Hearing Sensitivity22
The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch and loudness.
Trunk Strength22
The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the body repeatedly or continuously over time without "giving out" or fatiguing.
Wrist-Finger Speed19
The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and wrists.
Depth Perception16
The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you, or to judge the distance between you and an object.
Finger Dexterity6
The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or both hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble very small objects.
Arm-Hand Steadiness3
The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while holding your arm and hand in one position.
Control Precision3
The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehicle to exact positions.
Dynamic Strength3
The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This involves muscular endurance and resistance to muscle fatigue.
Manual Dexterity3
The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your two hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble objects.
Multilimb Coordination3
The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or one leg and one arm) while sitting, standing, or lying down. It does not involve performing the activities while the whole body is in motion.
Rate Control3
The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in anticipation of changes in the speed and/or direction of a moving object or scene.
Reaction Time3
The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sound, light, picture) when it appears.
Response Orientation3
The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two or more different signals (lights, sounds, pictures). It includes the speed with which the correct response is started with the hand, foot, or other body part.
Sound Localization3
The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.
Speed of Limb Movement3
The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
Dynamic Flexibility0
The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Explosive Strength0
The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping or sprinting), or to throw an object.
Extent Flexibility0
The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Glare Sensitivity0
The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
Gross Body Coordination0
The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together when the whole body is in motion.
Gross Body Equilibrium0
The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unstable position.
Night Vision0
The ability to see under low-light conditions.
Peripheral Vision0
The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes are looking ahead.
Spatial Orientation0
The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know where other objects are in relation to you.
Stamina0
The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getting winded or out of breath.
Static Strength0
The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.

Work Activities

General types of job behaviors occurring on multiple jobs.

Communicating with People Outside the Organization96
Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.
Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates95
Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person.
Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships95
Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining them over time.
Getting Information93
Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources.
Thinking Creatively89
Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions.
Making Decisions and Solving Problems88
Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems.
Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work88
Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.
Developing Objectives and Strategies83
Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to achieve them.
Developing and Building Teams81
Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team members.
Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others81
Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events75
Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting changes in circumstances or events.
Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others74
Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.

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Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge74
Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
Analyzing Data or Information73
Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by breaking down information or data into separate parts.
Coaching and Developing Others73
Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherwise helping others to improve their knowledge or skills.
Scheduling Work and Activities73
Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
Working with Computers73
Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data, or process information.
Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates72
Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance standards and monitoring performance.
Providing Consultation and Advice to Others70
Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical, systems-, or process-related topics.
Selling or Influencing Others70
Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or actions.
Performing for or Working Directly with the Public69
Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving customers in restaurants and stores, and receiving clients or guests.
Processing Information69
Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data.
Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings66
Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.
Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others65
Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with others.
Monitoring and Controlling Resources64
Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People63
Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards62
Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events or processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards.
Documenting/Recording Information55
Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form.
Training and Teaching Others53
Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or training programs or classes, and teaching or instructing others.
Staffing Organizational Units52
Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organization.
Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information49
Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.
Performing Administrative Activities49
Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files and processing paperwork.
Assisting and Caring for Others38
Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other personal care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients.
Performing General Physical Activities21
Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require considerable use of your arms and legs and moving your whole body, such as climbing, lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, and handling materials.
Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials17
Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or defects.
Handling and Moving Objects13
Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials, and manipulating things.
Controlling Machines and Processes7
Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines or processes (not including computers or vehicles).
Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment7
Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, such as forklifts, passenger vehicles, aircraft, or watercraft.
Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment5
Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines, devices, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of electrical or electronic (not mechanical) principles.
Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment2
Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to tell others about how devices, parts, equipment, or structures are to be fabricated, constructed, assembled, modified, maintained, or used.
Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment2
Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of mechanical (not electronic) principles.

Work Styles

Personal characteristics that can affect how well someone performs a job.

Cooperation90
A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
Social Orientation87
A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
Dependability85
A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related obligations.
Leadership Orientation82
A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
Self-Confidence80
A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control one's work-related outcomes.
Adaptability77
A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas at work.
Integrity77
A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
Achievement Orientation74
A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, set high work-related standards, and exert high effort toward meeting those goals and standards.
Optimism74
A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even under difficult circumstances.
Stress Tolerance74
A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
Self-Control73
A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in response to criticism or difficult situations at work.
Innovation72
A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on ways to accomplish work.

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Initiative70
A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may fall outside of one's required work role.
Perseverance66
A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in the face of difficult circumstances or obstacles at work.
Attention to Detail63
A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
Empathy59
A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feelings at work.
Tolerance for Ambiguity58
A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
Intellectual Curiosity52
A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep understanding of work-related subjects.
Sincerity52
A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, without concern for personal gain or self-interest.
Cautiousness30
A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related decisions or doing work.

Interests (RIASEC)

Holland's six occupational interest types (RIASEC) this work tends to attract.

Enterprising100
Work involves managing, negotiating, marketing, or selling, typically in a business setting, or leading or advising people in political and legal situations. Enterprising occupations are often associated with business initiatives, sales, marketing/advertising, finance, management/administration, professional advising, public speaking, politics, or law.
Conventional57
Work involves following procedures and regulations to organize information or data, typically in a business setting. Conventional occupations are often associated with office work, accounting, mathematics/statistics, information technology, finance, or human resources.
Social53
Work involves helping, teaching, advising, assisting, or providing service to others. Social occupations are often associated with social, health care, personal service, teaching/education, or religious activities.
Artistic45
Work involves creating original visual artwork, performances, written works, food, or music for a variety of media, or applying artistic principles to the design of various objects and materials. Artistic occupations are often associated with visual arts, applied arts and design, performing arts, music, creative writing, media, or culinary art.
Investigative22
Work involves studying and researching non-living objects, living organisms, disease or other forms of impairment, or human behavior. Investigative occupations are often associated with physical, life, medical, or social sciences, and can be found in the fields of humanities, mathematics/statistics, information technology, or health care service.
Realistic0
Work involves designing, building, or repairing of equipment, materials, or structures, engaging in physical activity, or working outdoors. Realistic occupations are often associated with engineering, mechanics and electronics, construction, woodworking, transportation, machine operation, agriculture, animal services, physical or manual labor, athletics, or protective services.

Work Context

Physical and social factors that influence the nature of work.

E-Mail
- Every day97%
Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams
- Every day86%
- Once a week or more but not every day14%
Telephone Conversations
- Every day78%
- Once a week or more but not every day17%
Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team
- Extremely important80%
- Very important14%
Time Pressure
- Every day53%
- Once a week or more but not every day44%
Contact With Others
- Constant contact with others58%
- Contact with others most of the time31%
- Contact with others about half the time11%
Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals
- A lot of freedom44%
- Some freedom53%
Duration of Typical Work Week
- More than 40 hours69%
- 40 hours31%
Frequency of Decision Making
- Every day56%
- Once a week or more but not every day19%
- Once a month or more but not every week25%
Importance of Being Exact or Accurate
- Extremely important53%
- Very important33%
- Important11%
Indoors, Environmentally Controlled
- Every day69%
- Once a week or more but not every day14%
Freedom to Make Decisions
- A lot of freedom31%
- Some freedom53%
- Limited freedom14%

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Spend Time Sitting
- Continually or almost continually36%
- More than half the time42%
- About half the time19%
Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results
- Very important results33%
- Important results44%
- Moderate results17%
Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities
- Extremely important36%
- Very important36%
- Important19%
Written Letters and Memos
- Every day33%
- Once a week or more but not every day31%
- Once a month or more but not every week31%
Deal With External Customers or the Public in General
- Extremely important36%
- Very important31%
- Important11%
- Fairly important19%
Level of Competition
- Extremely competitive14%
- Highly competitive53%
- Moderately competitive28%
Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers
- Very high responsibility22%
- High responsibility42%
- Moderate responsibility28%
Conflict Situations
- Once a week or more but not every day25%
- Once a month or more but not every week47%
- Once a year or more but not every month22%
Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People
- Once a week or more but not every day22%
- Once a month or more but not every week39%
- Once a year or more but not every month31%
Public Speaking
- Once a month or more but not every week58%
- Once a year or more but not every month31%
Consequence of Error
- Extremely serious19%
- Very serious14%
- Serious19%
- Fairly serious22%
- Not serious at all25%
Physical Proximity
- Moderately close (at arm's length)23%
- Slightly close (e.g., shared office)31%
- I work with others but not closely (e.g., private office)37%
Spend Time Standing
- More than half the time19%
- About half the time19%
- Less than half the time56%
Health and Safety of Other Workers
- High responsibility19%
- Moderate responsibility28%
- Limited responsibility36%
- No responsibility14%
In an Enclosed Vehicle or Operate Enclosed Equipment
- Once a week or more but not every day22%
- Once a month or more but not every week19%
- Once a year or more but not every month11%
- Never39%
Importance of Repeating Same Tasks
- Very important28%
- Important17%
- Fairly important11%
- Not important at all42%
Degree of Automation
- Moderately automated34%
- Slightly automated29%
- Not at all automated31%
Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions
- More than half the time11%
- Less than half the time29%
- Never43%
Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable
- Once a month or more but not every week11%
- Once a year or more but not every month28%
- Never44%
Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions
- Once a month or more but not every week19%
- Once a year or more but not every month44%
- Never31%
Outdoors, Under Cover
- Once a month or more but not every week14%
- Once a year or more but not every month49%
- Never31%
Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled
- Once a month or more but not every week19%
- Once a year or more but not every month36%
- Never42%
Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls
- Less than half the time17%
- Never60%
Spend Time Walking or Running
- Less than half the time65%
- Never26%
Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions
- Once a year or more but not every month25%
- Never64%
Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures
- Once a year or more but not every month25%
- Never69%
Work Schedules
- Irregular (changes with weather conditions, production demands, or contract duration)22%
- Regular (established routine, set schedule)78%
Dealing with Violent or Physically Aggressive People
- Once a year or more but not every month39%
- Never61%
Spend Time Bending or Twisting Your Body
- Less than half the time19%
- Never75%
Exposed to Contaminants
- Once a year or more but not every month17%
- Never81%
Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets
- Once a year or more but not every month28%
- Never72%
Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings
- Once a year or more but not every month19%
- Never81%
Spend Time Kneeling, Crouching, Stooping, or Crawling
- Less than half the time20%
- Never80%
Exposed to Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions
- Once a year or more but not every month17%
- Never83%
Exposed to Disease or Infections
- Never92%
Exposed to High Places
- Never89%
In an Open Vehicle or Operating Equipment
- Never92%
Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment
- Not important at all92%
Spend Time Climbing Ladders, Scaffolds, or Poles
- Less than half the time14%
- Never86%
Spend Time Keeping or Regaining Balance
- Less than half the time11%
- Never86%
Exposed to Hazardous Conditions
- Never97%
Wear Specialized Protective or Safety Equipment such as Breathing Apparatus, Safety Harness, Full Protection Suits, or Radiation Protection
- Never97%
Exposed to Hazardous Equipment
- Never100%
Exposed to Radiation
- Never100%
Exposed to Whole Body Vibration
- Never100%

Typical Education Levels Reported

Education levels O*NET survey respondents in this occupation most often reported having.

Bachelor’s degree
Master’s degree
Associate’s degree or other 2-year degree

Technology Skills

Specific software and technology tools commonly used on the job.

Video creation and editing software
Adobe After Effects, Flipgrid, TikTok, YouTube
Graphics or photo imaging software
Adobe Creative Cloud software, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Photoshop, Canva
Desktop publishing software
Adobe Distiller, Adobe InDesign, Microsoft Publisher, QuarkXPress
Customer relationship management CRM software
Blackbaud eTapestry, Blackbaud The Raiser's Edge, Oracle Eloqua, Salesforce software
Web page creation and editing software
Adobe Dreamweaver, Facebook, Social media sites, WordPress
Electronic mail software
Google Gmail, IBM Notes, MicroFocus GroupWise, Microsoft Outlook
Sales and marketing software
Google Ads, HubSpot software, Marketo Marketing Automation, MightyScout
Data base user interface and query software
Airtable, FileMaker Pro, Microsoft Access, Yardi software
Office suite software
Corel WordPerfect Office Suite, Google Workspace software, Microsoft Office software
Document management software
Adobe Acrobat, Microsoft SharePoint
Enterprise resource planning ERP software
Microsoft Dynamics, Oracle PeopleSoft Financials
Cloud-based data access and sharing software
Google Drive, Slack
Word processing software
Google Docs, Microsoft Word
Presentation software
Mentimeter, Microsoft PowerPoint
Project management software
Microsoft Project, zkipster
Web platform development software
Drupal, Hypertext markup language HTML
Spreadsheet software
Microsoft Excel
Accounting software
Fund accounting software
Video conferencing software
Zoom
Data base management system software
Teradata Database
Business intelligence and data analysis software
MicroStrategy
Human resources software
Human resource management software HRMS
Internet browser software
Web browser software
Data mining software
Google Analytics

Professional Associations

Organizations related to this occupation, such as industry and licensing bodies.

Related Occupations

Occupations that call for similar work and worker requirements.

Detailed Work Activities

More specific, granular versions of the Work Activities above.

Establish interpersonal business relationships to facilitate work activities.
Evaluate employee performance.
Supervise employees.
Present information to the public.
Develop marketing plans or strategies.
Develop contingency plans to deal with organizational emergencies.
Manage organizational or project budgets.
Develop promotional materials.
Liaise between departments or other groups to improve function or communication.
Monitor external affairs or events affecting business operations.
Develop operating strategies, plans, or procedures.
Develop organizational policies or programs.

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Direct sales, marketing, or customer service activities.
Confer with organizational members to accomplish work activities.
Coordinate with external parties to exchange information.
Develop library or archival databases.
Distribute instructional or library materials.
Evaluate program effectiveness.
Operate still or video cameras or related equipment.
Coordinate special events or programs.
Edit documents.
Direct employee training programs.
Maintain operational records.

This page incorporates information from O*NET Web Services by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA).

Based on federal labor and demographic data. Data source & methodology